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民國初立，為選官方語言，粵籍議員與北方議員互不相讓，粵語和北京話票數持平。
關鍵時刻，為顧全大局，孫中山對粵籍議員曉之以理動之以情，親自投給北京話一票，才避免了更大的語言之爭。
相信了？別急，再聽下一個故事：
1949年，為選官方語言，川渝元老與北方元老互不相讓，川話和北京話票數持平。
關鍵時刻，為顧全大局，毛澤東曉之以理動之以情……
當然，兩個版本都是謠言。歷史上，無論是國民黨還是共產黨，根本沒有針對粵語、川話、陝西話vs北京話的投票。
這個傳說的母題，最早是美國差一點選擇德語做官方語言的傳聞。
18、19世紀，大批德國人移民海外，美國是其重要選擇。如今，全美人口的17.1%自稱德國後裔，遠高於愛爾蘭、英格蘭、蘇格蘭。同時，德裔遍佈美國，特別在中西部有相當大的人口優勢。
當時也是一樣——北美殖民地中，德國移民的比例高於英國移民。
正因為德裔在美國的重要地位，德語差點成為美國官方語言的傳聞頗為可信。傳聞中也有一個孫中山、毛澤東式的人物——美國首任眾議院議長，身為德裔的弗雷德裡克?米倫伯格。
為顧全大局，弗雷德裡克?米倫伯格曉之以理、動之以情……

弗雷德裡克?米倫伯格

真實的情況是怎樣的呢？
1794年，一些德裔移民要求美國政府提供部分法律的德文版，該提案以42比41票被否決，米倫伯格在投票中棄權，但事後評價道：“德國人越快變成美國人就越好。”

美國德裔分佈圖，紅色代表德裔佔優勢，紅色越深優勢越大

至於民國初年，制定官方語時確有爭議。只是和北京話競爭的並不是廣東話四川話陝西話之類的其他地方方言，而是人造的老國音。
國音是什麼？為什麼要人造老國音？
解釋這兩個問題，要從漢語的早期發展講起。
秦朝開始，中國就實現了書同文，支援了文化、政治上的大一統。但是，“語同音”卻一直沒有實現。
古代人口流動性不大，地區間的交流靠著統一的文言文就可以維繫。漢字本身對讀音指示作用低，也讓各地區的差異化讀音得以儲存、發展。
不過，一個統一的政權，畢竟有語言上的溝通需要。同時，戰亂等原因引起北方人大規模南遷，將中原一帶的官話帶至南方。文化上對中原的推崇，也在事實上推動北方中原官話成為地區間交流的主要方式。

標準漢語的演變（來源：維基百科）

到了明朝，官話已經形成了南北兩支權威。北支官話覆蓋今天的華北大部，而南支官話主要分佈在長江流域。兩者雖有差別，但在今天學者看來，都屬於北方方言（北方官話），交流障礙不大。
明朝傳教士利瑪竇在給歐洲同僚的信件中描述：“中國十五省都使用同樣的文字，但是各省的語言不通。還有一種通用的語言，我們可以稱它為宮廷和法庭的語言，因為它通用於各省法庭和官場。”
他還在回憶錄中說道：“各省的方言在上流社會中是不說的。學會了官話，可以在各省使用，就連婦孺也都聽得懂”。例如，以明朝官話演唱的崑曲就在全國流行。
明朝的官話與現在的官方語言不同，其散播以自然傳播為主。真正由官方推廣通用語言始於清朝。
明末清初的浩劫之後，官話在全國的流行度大大受創。遠離北方的閩粵地區更趨於萎靡。
這引起了雍正的不滿。《癸巳存稿》記錄：“雍正六年，奉旨以福建、廣東人多不諳官話，著地方官訓導，廷臣議以八年為限。舉人生源鞏監童生不諳官話者不準送試。”
此後，閩粵各縣隨即紛紛成立正音書院教導正音。措施不可謂不嚴厲。不過，正音書院的教學成果有限：天不怕地不怕，就怕廣東人說普通話！

雍正是推廣普通話的先驅

清朝已是權力最為集中的朝代，雍正無疑是位雷厲風行的皇帝，為什麼正音書院還會失敗呢？
以位於福州的正音書院為例，第一大問題就是“正音”是什麼。
雖然同屬北方官話，但是江淮官話、西南官話、北京官話語音存在著差別。應教仍有影響巨大的南系官話（尤以南京官話著名），還是正在崛起的北京話？這個問題不解決，權力再集中也沒有用武之地。
二是缺師資，也缺乏對官話的系統性整理，更談不上運用語言學等工具的教科書。如福州正音書院，只能找了幾個駐防福州的旗人。
第三是不會教，據記載，福州駐防旗人上課頭幾句就是“皇上，朝廷，主子的家；我們都是奴才”，這樣的教法只會淪為笑柄，反倒加重了漢族士子對北京話的反感。
正音書院效果有限，真正有效的推廣普通話，還要等到民國時期。
清末明初，民族熱情高漲，很多人將目光投向四分五裂、有礙團結的地方方言上。1913年，民國召開讀音統一會，決定在全國範圍內推廣“國音”。
當時，北京話已有很高地位，有成為全國通用語的趨勢。民國初期定都北京，並沒有經歷傳說中的投票，與會者同意以京音為基礎，經過一定的修改才能作為“國音”。
為什麼好端端的北京話不用，一定要修改才能推廣？
辛亥革命後，北京話因為是清廷的語言本來就容易招黑，但主要原因在於——北京話沒有入聲。
入聲是什麼？簡單來說，就是中古漢語中以-p –t –k收尾的音節。保留中古漢語入聲格局的方言不多，粵語是其中之一。去過香港的人都知道，香港國際機場亦稱赤臘角機場，英文為Chek Lap Kok Airport。赤臘角三字均為入聲字。
絕大多數現代漢語方言，入聲都發生了相當大的變化，有的是一個尾巴丟失，如潮州話；有的三個都混到了一起，如上海話；還有的乾脆失去了短促的特徵，變成了一個純粹的聲調，如長沙話。
作為方言，入聲的改變不會引人注意。若是推廣為“國音”，這就是招人攻擊的把柄。
尤其是出於繼承傳統的考慮。中國傳統的韻文，如詩詞歌賦格律，往往講究平仄和諧。中古漢語四聲中，平聲為一類，上去入三聲為另一類，統稱仄聲。古漢語中平聲時長較長，仄聲較短，平仄有規律地交錯會產生聲音長短諧和的美感。人們為了追求這種諧和，在詩詞創作時都非常注意平仄的使用。

律詩的平仄有著嚴格的創作規範

如果平仄竄亂，會被稱作失格。在科舉考試中出現這樣的失誤，不管該詩意境多好文采多麼美妙，都是會直接出局。
雖然，後世平長仄短的格局早已被打破，但規矩已根深蒂固，被視為傳統文化的標誌。
北京話獨特在於，入聲消失後又派入了現代四個聲調，大量入聲字進了陰平陽平兩個平聲聲調。所以平仄尤其混亂。
所以，保守人士尤其不喜歡北京話，認為嚴重影響對古典文學作品的理解。
這造成了另一個奇怪的對立格局：北京口語音和北京讀書音。
一直到民國初年，老北京讀書人並不用市面上的北京口語音讀書，而是另用一種北京讀書音。其特點在於，所有的入聲字都讀成短促的去聲，韻母上也模仿南支官話，人為重現了在北京口語中已經消失了幾百年的入聲。
現代，這種讀書音已然式微，但留下了零散的痕跡。北京話的部分多音字，如“剝”皮——“剝”削，“削”皮——“削”弱，“擇”菜——選“擇”，家“雀”——“雀”鳥，後一個讀音正是源於讀書音。
所以，只會北京口語音並不能獲得讀書人的認同。著名學者傅斯年在北京學了一口京片子，卻被家人指責在說“老媽子的話”。祖籍常州，【*****智伍應用提示您：未購買正式版授權，功能受到影響！！請根據最上面的引導提示，自助購買正式版授權，自動開通！！線上客服微信：ccccyyyy4444，官方網站：zhiwu55.com*****】，讀書卻要求用常州話。一次，趙家請的北方先生教把入聲字“毓”讀成了去聲，趙父大驚失色，旋即將其辭退。

當年的推普教材，王璞是北京讀書人的代表，書中比較了國音、北京讀書音和北京口語音

所以，民國初期確立的國音，就是北京讀書音基礎上，恢復了入聲的修改版本。
但是京音勢力並不買賬。主張純用北京話的京音派仍有強大力量，不少學校甚至出現了國音派、京音派的互毆。
1924年，民國官方的國語統一籌備會改弦更張，決定以京音為國音。京音派勝利了，國音派就成了“老國音”了。
自此北京話取得了京國之爭的勝利，順利成為普通話。建國後標準語方面延續了民國的傳統，普通話日趨強大，在不少地方已經取代了當地方言。讀音統一正在從願景變為現實。
但北京話平仄混亂的毛病並沒有解決。以普通話為母語的人，若想寫傳統詩詞，需逐字記憶聲調，十分辛苦。
天無絕人之路。受毛澤東開創的毛詩影響，新的“老幹體”詩詞誕生了。它以豪放大膽出名，對格律要求完全不顧，押韻、平仄隨心所欲。從此，普通話克服了曾經最大的障礙，續接傳統有望，老“國音”可以徹底退出歷史了。

著名的《蝶戀花》是老幹體代表，被胡適評價為“沒有一句通的”

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Cross References Bulbar palsy; Diplophonia; Signe de rideau Bradykinesia Bradykinesia is a slowness within the initiation and efficiency of voluntary transfer ments within the absence of weak spot and is one of the typical signs of parkinsonian syndromes, by which scenario it is typically accompanied by difficulty within the initia tion of motion (akinesia, hypokinesia) and lowered amplitude of movement (hypometria) which can increase with fast repetitive movements (fatigue). In any such case the physician or any individual performing pursuant to the minor's direction shall incur no civil or legal liability by purpose of having made such examination or prescription or having rendered such treatment, however this immunity shall not apply to any negligent acts or omissions by the physician or any individual appearing pursuant to the physician's direction. Int J Dermatol Jan forty five:87-8, 2006 Schara U, Schoser B G Myotonic dystrophies type 1 and 2: a summary on present elements mental illness organizations lyrica 150mg with visa. Testing is also undertaken for other reasons that are not throughout the scope of those tips. There may be no signs in Biosecurity, Pathogenicity home may be up to 60% in waterfowl. Eventually myocardial fibrosis, pul monary fibrosis, and terminal renal failure ensue medicine 666 colds purchase celexa 40mg online.
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